Europe leaps ahead on physics frontier

Commuters with computers
Not all of the 10,000-plus people involved in the LHC project are full-time residents like Yurkewicz. Most researchers spend just a few weeks at a time at CERN — checking in on their experiments (with graduate students in tow), then returning to their labs and classrooms back home.

"It's almost like commuting for those of us on the short term," said Karl Ecklund, a physics professor at the University of Buffalo who is part of the team behind the LHC's Compact Muon Solenoid detector, or CMS for short.

Another way that the LHC's researchers can be involved in the experiments without being there is to plug in through videoconferencing. Even before the final push to the collider's startup, it was difficult to reserve a spot for video linkups during the afternoons in CERN, which correspond with the morning's working hours in the United States.

Once the collider has been up and running for a while, some of the maintenance duties could be shifted thousands of miles away, thanks to high-speed network links that connect the control rooms at CERN with remote operations centers around the world.

"A lot of the shift work is just watching things. ... Shifting it to the U.S. is just a question of bandwidth," said Fermilab's Joel Butler, head of the US-CMS Research Program. "I don't imagine the're going to let you 'drive' the lab, but you can at least read the map and tell what's going on."

Nevertheless, virtual reality has its limits — particularly now, when the multibillion-dollar machine's kinks have to be ironed out. "There's nothing like being there," Ecklund said.

The next big thing
Is the Large Hadron Collider a model for big science projects to come, or will it turn out to be the last of the big-science dinosaurs? Nearly everyone involved in the project says that the expense and the complexity required for doing grand scientific experiments have become greater than any one country could manage alone.

"Each facility of this scale is going to exist in one place in the world," Butler said.

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So who decides how and where big science projects will be conducted? In the case of the Large Hadron Collider, CERN went ahead with its plan, and other nations gradually signed on. A slightly different model came into play for the ITER fusion project — which is being organized and funded by Europe's atomic energy agency and six other nations, including the United States.

The concept behind ITER goes back to the Reagan-Gorbachev summits of the 1980s, but it took years of political machinations to nail down the details. Finally, in 2005, the partners struck a compromise that put ITER's research reactor in France and another research center in Japan. ITER's structure calls upon each of the partners to provide hardware according to a complicated formula, leading up to the scheduled start of operations in 2016.

Aymar, a French physicist who headed up the ITER project before he took on CERN's top job, is intimately familiar with both approaches. He said CERN can take advantage of a huge head start in future international science projects, just because it's been doing it successfully for more than 50 years.

"To start from zero ... I don't recommend for any international body just to start," Aymar said. "It's very, very difficult, because you have to provide everything, with no background."

Long-term and short-term futures
That doesn't mean CERN has a lock on the next Big Bang Machine. The United States and other nations are also interested in at least a piece of the action. That includes the rising stars in science and technology, such as China and India. Just last year, Beijing hosted an exploratory meeting for designing the International Linear Collider, the particle-physics project regarded as the successor to the LHC.

The ILC won't be built until sometime in the next decade — if it's built at all. That depends on whether the LHC is successful, and whether governments ultimately decide that the ILC's estimated $6.7 billion cost (or whatever the full cost turns out to be) is worth it.

The amount of money and political will for doing grand physics projects is clearly limited, said physicist Barry Barish, director of the ILC's Global Design Effort. He estimated that the international community would be willing to fund a $5 billion to $10 billion international project every 10 to 20 years.

"Obviously, we can do one every one or two decades, and that's it, because of the cost," he said this year at a scientific conference. "So we have to do the right one."

Does cutting-edge physics really have to cost so much? Lawrence Krauss, a theoretical physicist at Case Western Reserve University, said many people assume that physicists get together and ask themselves, "How can we come up with something that costs the most?" But Krauss argued that the reality was exactly the opposite.

"If you want to do the challenge of fusion, if you want to understand the early universe or the fundamental structure of matter, there's just no other way. This is the least amount you can spend," Krauss said. "You just have to decide if it's worth it."

For Yurkewicz and thousands of other physicists, it's worth it — even if they have to journey to a foreign land. It's particularly worth it now, when the Big Bang Machine is starting up.

"The most exciting part of particle physics," he said, "is being in that control room and watching the data come in."

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